As a small aside to the main Circular narrative brief, we were also given a list of photographic practitioners who used narrative extensively in their work. We were asked to write a little about a selection as part of the reflective blog. Leaving this part of the assignment to the last is perhaps approaching it in the wrong manner and maybe I should have included it within the main areas of my reflective blog. However, I wanted to be very thorough with the processes I was undertaking with my work with little in the way of distraction – I have said previously that a lot of my work is done instinctually and I wanted that part to shine through without constantly having to shoe-horn in someone else’s practice just for the purpose of reference. I will follow up this post with some final thoughts and add in some references that I feel fit with my practice and this particular work. For this part and as time is at a premium I am going to do three short studies of the following practitioners – Jeff Wall, Gregory Crewdson and Paul Graham. It also has to be said that considering we had quite an extensive list of practitioners to choose from, the university library was inadequately stocked for this purpose – around 80% of the practitioners were not available to borrow or just simply were not available. As such, my choices for study were limited by the access to printed sources, luckily I have a few books of my own to draw upon and the internet.
Introduction:
What takes a photograph (or series of photographs) from being just a document of an event to something that conveys a story or feeling? There are a few possibles but narrative springs to mind first, especially when thinking about how it is able to draw us in and make us consider the events that are being conveyed and even the events that are not seen. It is the ability of photographer to deal with complex narratives and story-telling that have helped move photography from something initially seen as a scientific tool to an an integral part of the art realm. Some of the most eminent practitioners in photography are seen as artists in their own right and their work has much in common with classical painting and theory (Jeff Wall & Cindy Sherman) as it does say to say Cinematography (Gregory Crewdson and Philip lorca DiCorsia.)
So what is photographic narrative? in simple terms, it’s the telling of a story with a beginning, a middle and finally an end. However, a narrative can be vague and intriguing, merely implying what has happened or what may yet occur. Narrative then, is a series of related events put together to tell you something or to help you draw a conclusion via the context that is inferred by the image. The prominent America anthropologist Allen feldman states in his book Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland…
“The event is not what happens. The event is that which can be narrated” (A. Feldmann Formations of Violence p. 14).
It is this narration that is a photographers greatest asset in bringing an audience into his work.
Narrative structures allow photographers to show more than just a stationary thing that has occurred – it allows them to be vastly creative in the writing of visual stories. Narratives allow the viewer to see stories unfold without ever being sure of the beginning or the end….unless that is the intention. Photographic narratives need not be linear either, they can be cyclical in nature, like my work for the this assignment or solo pictures that tell their whole story within that one vital frame. The narrative then is a vital element in photographic practice and provides the stage upon which photographers can be their most creative, self referential and influential. There is an extract from Art Photography now that puts this far better than I…
” Narrative is crucial to Photography, as is artifice, and contemporary artists realise this and use these strategies to tell stories. But these images often tap into wider social issues, and to see them as only functioning as fantasy is to ignore the other very real issues that lie behind this kind of work. nor can one think about this way of working as copying. The references for each image are eclectic and cannot be traced from a particular painting or moment of cinema. the artists hand is very much apparent in staged photography and autobiographical glimpses often add yet another layer or story to the final image.” – Art photography Now. Susan bright P.78
Notable Practitioners of Photographic Narrative:
Jeff Wall:
Classically trained Canadian Artist Jeff Wall, is perhaps one of the most eminent in the field, not least for his knowledge of classical art and how he uses this to great effect. He clearly demonstrates a sublime understanding of how images are put together and are then read by an audience. He is often references 19th century paintings to inform his work and also uses digital manipulation to great effect, to confuse and encourage the viewer to look further and deeper at his images. Some of his notable works.
Mimic:

Jeff Wall’s ability to make an image so full, and complete, that it compels the viewer to keep looking and reading is not to be understated. The image here challenging the viewer to read further than the image of three people brought together by this random encounter. All are interconnected in some way and yet are totally apart.

Inspired by Japanese artist Hokusai’s seminal 19th century prints “Thirty-Six Views of Mt. Fuji.” A Sudden Gust of Wind’ forces the viewer to accept small sections of the image in order to see it in its entirety…therefore encouraging the viewer to create a narrative out of what the artist has chosen to show.

Katsushika Hokusai Yejiri Station, Province of Suruga (1832)
When discussing his own work , Wall says…
“I refer to my work as ‘cinematography’ because I’ve always admired the way a film project can begin from any starting point – a witnessed event, a daydream, a fairy tale, a literary adaptation, or a fragment of overheard conversation – anything – and sometimes from more than one of those things at the same time.
From the Exhibition Jeff Wall ‘Photographs’ retrospective (various) Museum of Contemporary art, Sydney 2013
You can see more of Jeff Wall’s work and read about how he feels about his work on this interactive Exhibition – http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2007/jeffwall/
Gregory Crewdson:
“I’m interested in the question of narrative, how photography is distinct from, but connected to, other narrative forms like writing and film. This idea of creating a moment that’s frozen and mute, that perhaps ultimately asks more questions than it answers, proposes an open-ended and ambiguous narrative that allows the viewer to, in a sense, complete it. Ultimately, I’m interested in this ambiguous moment that draws the viewer in through photographic beauty, through repulsion, through some kind of tension.” Gregory Crewdson being Interviewed by Bradford Morrow BOMB 61/Fall 1997, ART
More of a film-maker with only one scene and one shot, than a photographer, is what you might think when viewing any one of crewdson’s filmic creations. To many he is the master of modern narrative photography, creating startlingly beautiful yet unnervingly calm, surreal pictures, that when looking at them for the first time you can’t help feel a sense of unseen menace or pending disaster.
Gregory Crewdson’s photographs usually take place in small town America, shot on a massive scale but are dramatic and cinematic. He has cited the films Vertigo, The Night of the Hunter, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Blue Velvet, and Safe as having influenced his style, as well as the painter Edward Hopper- the latter you can clearly see in his work and why he is a favourite of mine

Gregory Crewdson – Untitled 1999 (pregnant woman/pool) – Depicting beautifully the unnerving calm and surreality of Crewdson’s work.

Classic Hitchcock and Edward Hopper influences here, the blunted views and the suggestive Hopperesque visual dialogue are mixed with the surreal, disturbing atmosphere synonymous with Hitchcock.

Crewdson is clearly taking a visual cue from Edward Hopper here, this being very reminiscent of Hopper’s Western Motel (1957) Like hopper’s work there is a very palpable sense of tension between the suggested movement and obvious inertia of the image, although the repressed sexuality of Hopper’s earlier work is replaced with something more overt.

Edward Hopper – Western Motel (1957)
In an interview with Interview with Gregory Crewdson about his work ‘In a Lonely Place’with Estelle Af Malmborg, he relates how his upbringing was very influential in the way his work as an artist developed…
http://vimeo.com/49665029
(First published on the occasion of the exhibition In a Lonely Place, The National Museum of Photography, Denmark, 2011)
And here is a glimpse of the Gregory Crewdson Movie ‘Brief Encounters’
http://www.gregorycrewdsonmovie.com/
Paul Graham:
Graham is considered one of the leading names in bringing about a revolution in British documentary photography. With the publication of his highly regarded body of work A1 – The Great North Road, comprising a series of colour photographs taken along the primary major roadway to run the entire length of English land mass, together with his photographs of unemployment offices in Beyond Caring and the marked landscape of Northern Ireland in Troubled Land. This work along Along with contemporaries that followed such as Richard Billingham, Tom Wood, Paul Seawright, Anna Fox, Simon Norfolk, Nick Waplington & Martin Parr etc. were instrumental in fostering a new school of British photography that embraced colour practice.
However it is with his works American Night and Shimmer of possibility that really show narrative mastery…
American Night.
Part social commentary, part documentary the narrative here was to highlight the great American divide – the blacks and the whites, the rich and the poor.

Paul Graham – American Night (1998 – 2002) Each image either seen in isolation or in series conveys the divide evident within American society.

Paul Graham – American Night (1998 – 2002) many of the images were over-exposed to enhance the idea of invisibility. This technique interposed with the high contrast colour images only further emphasised this notion and the differences between black & white.

Paul Graham – American Night (1998 – 2002)
“The first overexposed one was an accident. when I had the print of that, I just left it on the table, gradually looked at it more and more, and realized that it was in fact interesting. Then I started trying to figure out how could I get this effect intentionally – I could overexpose in the camera and maintain it, because I do my own processing. I suffer from the same amount of laziness and procrastination as anyone else, and I remember when I was working in Memphis once I went to a movie in the afternoon. When I came out of the movie into sunlight, my vision was burnt out; there was this blazing afternoon sunshine and I couldn’t see anything, and I realized how much that darkroom accident mimicked this optical burnout, which was about invisibility, and just beginning to perceive things.” – Paul Graham
http://www.paulgrahamarchive.com/americannight.html
Shimmer of Possibility
In 2007 British photographer Paul Graham released a book called a shimmer of possibility. Representing a body of work which was conceived and produced over two years in over 14 US locations. This book being part of an unofficial trilogy of USA works – ‘American Night’, ‘a shimmer of possibility’ and ‘The Present’, each embrace one of the 3 principle controls of the camera: Aperture, Shutter and Focus. As the aperture controls the light, the shutter controls time, and focus specifies what we look at, the trilogy of American works could also be described as engaging with Light, Time and Consciousness.

Paul Graham – As Shimmer of possibility 2004-2006 The beauty of this stuttering narrative is in the ordinariness of the scene suddenly made extraordinary for one brief moment.

Paul Graham – As Shimmer of possibility 2004-2006
http://www.paulgrahamarchive.com/index.html
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